The Social Context Of Careers Essay - 1868 Words

The Social Context of Careers The world continues to change and grow each day. With that, the same can be said for the job market. Due to the constant changes, it is very important for businesses to operate in the modern-day as much as possible. If businesses cannot adjust and familiarize themselves with the changes in the workplace, then they will find their business at risk (â€Å"Must-Have Characteristics of the Modern Manager,† 2014). Furthermore, a shift in the meaning of career success is greatly changing as well. With the rise of global business and international careers, many concerns have surfaced over social influences on careers and developing labor laws and regulations that influence the ways in which individuals, organizations, and society view career development (â€Å"Career Development,† n.d.). This paper is going to further examine what social context of careers is and the effect it has on careers, the difference between customized careers and traditional careers, how family backgro und and social class play a role in the work environment, and the impact of multicultural organizations. The Effect of Social Context on Careers According to Lawrence (2010), â€Å"Social context represents fertile ground for interdisciplinary research. It is widely recognized as a central feature of orga ¬nizational life, the conceptual location in which the two disciplines intersect and the boundaries within which careers are enacted† (pg. 60). Social context provides conditions thatShow MoreRelatedThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagessemi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and the consequent development in medical sociology and the sociology of health and illness the biological, human anatomy conception of the body has remained unchallenged. A single unified sociological perspective concerning the nature of social reality does not exist. In this respect sociology is no different to any other academic disciplineRead MoreWomen s Roles And Roles Of Women1668 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipation into the world of entertainment. The women portrayed today are somewhere or the other have a ‘borrowed’ portrayal that has not much connection to the reality of Assamese woman on the urban and rural part of Assam, either educated or uneducated, career-oriented or home-maker and so on. Earlier women were portrayed to be quite in nature, who always needed a support system to survive but time has changed and also the perception of women’s role. Ethical values have also changed to a larger extentRead MoreAdult Education Throughout Changing Times By Marion Bowl1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthe structure of adult education has been impacted by local contexts and beliefs as well as global trends of neoliberalism. The book encapsulates the changing of the philosophies, policies and career within the domain of adult educati on over the past 40 years in England as well as in New Zealand. The new economic policies or neoliberalism discourses have been impacted on adult educators whether in their principles, work, or either career expectations. It also explores how this implication on adultRead MorePsy 496 Week 1 Assignment Case Study Evaluating Ashford University Institutional and Program Outcomes1086 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram outcomes by identifying their relevance to a profession in psychology. Create one personal life example and one career example in which you wrestle with personal challenges and an ethical dilemma (e.g., a client or research subject reveals compromising information about a friend or family member who also happens to be someone you know in a personal/social context). After identifying the problem, include a section wherein you address each of the following prior to making a decisionRead MoreEssay about Personal Career Development: Course Review1012 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation in context is benefit when making a decision. It is helpful to review the historical events and available information to create a picture of where to go next. The purpose of this paper is to review the personal information from the career assessments taken in HS 585 Career Counseling at Bellevue University. The review will focus on this author’s personal results. This paper will combine the assessments with the author’s personal history to provide a context for future career goals. AssessmentRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism In A Subculture1400 Words   |  6 Pagesshifts and stages of involvement form one’s subcultural career. Analyzing such subcultural careers from the symbolic interactionist perspective teaches one much about the interpretive and social dimensions of participation in a subculture. An understanding of the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism and of the definitions of concepts such as subcultures and subcultural careers provides a framework for effectively analyzing my career in the Tylenol drug subculture. The symbolic interactionistRead MoreCommunication and Correct Answer763 Words   |  4 Pages Answer Selected Answer: b. Communication skills are critical to your job placement, performance, career advancement, and organizational success. Correct Answer: b. Communication skills are critical to your job placement, performance, career advancement, and organizational success. Response Feedback: Communication skills are critical to job placement, performance, and career advancement because the need for well-written messages has increased, oral and written communication skillsRead MoreApplying Gladwell s Law Of Few954 Words   |  4 PagesBefore this class, I never understood how stuff on social networks sites would skyrocket and go viral. Why has everything on social media become such a big deal? It did not make sense to me. I used this class to better myself in the workplace as well as at school. It has helped me in my field of my future career choice of social work. Gladwell’s â€Å"Law of few† gives me a better understanding how human interactions work. I am able to apply Gladwell’s â€Å"Law of few† and â€Å"stickiness† to my current job asRead MoreSpending Time With Your Employees On Career Development Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesNot Spending Enough Time with Your Employees on Career Development In beginning the first chapter of the book, Guan et al. (2016) ask the reader whether they are spending time with their employees, and if they are, how much. Research findings by Milgram (2011) state that the median time for the management to spend time with their employees is three hours. In essence, that is half of six hours, which is the optimal time for the engagement of the employees. Despite the leadership of the managementRead MoreHistorical Significance of Multiple Books on Jim Crows Life and Career1254 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Network Resources Inc. Student Network Resources Inc. Class/Section 11 December 2012 Strange Career of Jim Crow Significance The author of this report is asked to answer to a series of specific questions as it relates to a certain book written about Jim Crow and the wider historical and social significance of the same. The Supreme Court decision that involved Jim Crow and the separation of blacks and whites is to be discussed as well as a general reaction to the book. All of this and

Collectivization Of The Soviet Union - 1469 Words

The date is May 8, 1945, the second world war has just come to an end and the allies had to decide the future of Europe. To accomplish this the allies formed the Potsdam conference, which met on August 2, 1945. The events that led up to and during the time of the Eastern Bloc can teach people many things in regard to all aspects of life. The Soviet Union was established in 1918 under a Communist regime, which replaced the old monarchy ruled by the Czar. However soon after 1918 a massive forced development of the Soviet Union and all their republics began. During this period of development, the Soviet Union carried out the policy of collectivization. Collectivization was the seizure of private land, objects and other things for the purpose of a collective use. However farms were not the only things collectivized, many other industries such as factories and mines became a collective as well. All of these changes almost destroyed the Soviet Union, but in the end made it stronger than it ever had been before. The collectivization of land and industry would help save the Soviet Union during the Nazi invasion during world war two. Collectivization provided the Soviet Union with the strength and unity needed to fend off a Nazi invasion. The Eastern Bloc was created by the Soviet Union after world war two to be used as a buffer zone between them and the west. This was needed because of how vastly different the two societies were, with the Communist east against the CapitalistShow MoreRelatedEssay Impact of Stalanism on the Soviet State1041 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding centralization, totalitarianism and communism, impacted, to an extent, on the soviet state until 1941. After competing with prominent Bolshevik party members Stalin emerged as the sole leader of the party in 1929. From this moment, Stalinism pervaded every level of society. 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The rise of the Soviet Union by the end of the Russian Revolution played a significant role in the way that World War I played out; it played a crucial role in the defeat of Nazi Germany during World War II. It was the formidable rival of the United States during the Cold War, during which every action it took was viewed with angst by the West. With the level of influence the Sovi et UnionRead MoreStalin Dbq887 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, in 1924, Lenin died and Josef Stalin assumed leadership of the Soviet Union, which was the name for the communist Russia. Stalin was a ruthless leader who brought many changes to the Soviet Union. Stalin’s goal was to transform the Soviet Union into a modern superpower and spread communism throughout the world, and he was determined to sabotage anyone who stood in his way. He used many methods such as collectivization, totalitarianism and five year plan’s to achieve his goals. Stalin’s ruleRead MoreCentral Planning Of The Soviet Union785 Words   |  4 Pageswas introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev when he was elected as the Soviet Union General Secretary of the Soviet Union. This concept had a significant effect on Soviet Union during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. In employing glasnost, Gorbachev attempted to rid the Soviet Union of the lies that had been established as a result of The Leninist system that was previously in place. Ultimately, he wanted to bring transparency to the Soviet Government. Additionally, Gorbachev wanted to enable greater freedomRead MoreThe Soviet Union Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagescommencement of the Soviet Union, there was a grave of food shortages; to improve the agricultural productions; in 1921 Lenin instated the New Economic Plan (NEP). The New Economic Plan gave the opportunity for the farmers or peasants to produce their crops for profit; in the years that followed, some of these farmers were prosperous after the implementation of the NEP. Unfortunately, Stalin abandoned the NEP and replaced it with the Five Year Plan, he also justified the collectivization of AgricultureRead MoreStalin And The Soviet Union1700 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Joseph Stalin came into power the Soviet Union was a large and under developed country. Mostly agriculture, a high producer of grain but without industry. Only the capital Moscow had started to industrialize but in a very centralized area in small and slow steps. The Russian people had just been through World War 1, two revolutions in 1917, civil war and famine by the time Stalin took the reigns of the country. All which had massive impacts on the state of the economy. Stalin saw Russia as weakRead MoreThe Soviet Union And Ukraine1336 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Holodomor was marked by negative relationships between the Soviet Union and Ukraine that would introduce a series of conflicts between the two nations, intensifying political tensions. Introduction Information: †¢ An indirect attack on the Ukrainian village, which traditionally had been a key element in Ukrainian national culture (Ukraine) †¢ Holodomor is the Great Famine of 1932-1933, it was man-made as a result of Stalin’s policies (Ukraine) †¢ Holodomor means â€Å"killing by hunger† (Mace)Read MoreJoseph Stalin : The Most Ruthless Communist Leader1731 Words   |  7 Pagesyou wanted to disobey Stalin. If anyone wanted to rebel against Stalin’s orders then he would order his soldiers to kill them. No one got away with talking bad about Stalin or disobeying. Stalin would find out and would kill them. Soon the whole Soviet Union wanted to rebel against Stalin but he was too powerful to stop. On December 18th 1878 in Georgia, Russia one of the most cold-hearted men was born. Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili or also known as Joseph Stalin was born into a home where he wasRead MoreMarx in Soho916 Words   |  4 Pagesstruggle, it would be a victory for the working class or the proletariat and a communist society could be established wherein everything produced by the people belongs to the whole community. Karl Marx and his ideologies of communism spread in the Soviet Union. One of the economic policies of Stalin is collectivisation. It is a bloody and violent battle between two cultural groups that are radically different from the other. Collectivisation was nothing more than just a campaign of destruction and

Cloning Essay Research Paper Is cloning necessary free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Is cloning necessary for promotions in bettering the quality of life? Peoples frequently question whether or non we as a scientific state are seeking to play the function of God. Many people say that we should non seek to interfere with nature. That is all right if in mundane life we did non seek to alter our home ground every individual second of every individual twenty-four hours. More than probably at one point and clip the land on which your house sits was covered by a grazing land of forests. That is interference. If we try to clone variety meats for graft patients that are in their concluding hr so we are really bettering their life. If betterment in the quality of life is playing God, so is that needfully a bad thing? Do we have the right to clone? We are all guaranteed rights by the fact that we are human existences. Those rights include the right to prosecute countries of scientific survey. Not many people vocalized his or her disapproval of infinite geographic expedition. At the clip that there was no talk of how morally incorrect Neil Armstrong? s walk on the Moon was traveling to be. They could hold argued the fact we are created on Earth we must remain here and non interfere with things beyond our comprehension. If they did, and the plan did non raise off, so we would non hold some of the engineerings that we have today. Cloning can merely give new engineerings that will be good to society. One misconception that many people have is that this engineering can fall into the # 8220 ; incorrect custodies # 8221 ; . We could non clone a individual of history to be the same individual that he or she was earlier. If we were to make that so it would be near impossible to reproduce the same character. They would wish any other ordinary homo ; they would be conceived, developed, and so born as all other babes. They would hold the same visual aspect and familial make-up as their equal. This does non intend that they would hold the same mental capacity as their old life. There are many things that lead to a human? s personality. Familial make-up does non hold as important function as many believe. Organ cloning is something that would be highly good to society. Imagine the ability to # 8220 ; make # 8221 ; a liver for a kid that has less than a month to populate. In the medical profession the doctrine of every physician is to? better the quality of life? . Is giving a kid a 2nd opportunity bettering the quality of life? Or is it playing God? Imagine if the engineering was available to clone his liver in order to protract his life. In this state there are 1000s of people on waiting lists to have new variety meats that will assist protract their life. Many of these people will decease because there is non a suited giver that matches their demands. Imagine the lives that will be saved if an person can clone their ain liver, or any other organ that is needed to last an unwellness. Equally much as cloning is perceived as a good thing, it could alter life to an full new civilisation. Cloning runs the hazard of making a population that is wholly the same. This population would be susceptible to the same diseases, and one disease could lay waste to the full population. One can easy visualize worlds being wiped out be a individual virus, but more events could happen from a deficiency of familial diverseness. For illustration, if a big per centum of a nation’s cowss are indistinguishable ringers, a individual virus could consequence the full population. The consequence could be big nutrient deficit in the United States. Any research into human cloning would finally necessitate to be tested on homo. The ability to clone worlds may take to the familial tailoring of offspring. The bosom of the cloning argument is concerned with the familial direction of a human embryo before it begins development. It is imaginable that scientists could change a babe # 8217 ; s familial codifications to give the person a certain colour of eyes or familial opposition to certain diseases. This is viewed as inappropriate, some expression at it as playing God. Cloning might be used to make a # 8220 ; perfect homo, # 8221 ; or one with above normal strength and sub-normal intelligence, a familial lower class. Besides, if cloning were perfected in worlds, there would be no familial demand for work forces. As in the book, A Brave New World, they cloned people into categories that made an full society of familial worlds that resembled nil less than an ant-farm. In the Alpha Class the cloning conditioned one to hold a great l ife merely like the queen ant holding 100s protect her. Or in the Epsilon Class being conditioned to believe that being a janitor is a good thing or the equivalent to a worker emmet. They go about their work as if it? s the best work possible. By making the perfect ringer and cognizing the fact that work forces could be eliminated from being is playing God. Cloning might hold a damaging consequence on domestic relationships. A kid born from an grownup DNA cloning of his male parent could be considered a delayed indistinguishable twin of one of his parents. It is unknown as to how a human might respond if he or she knew he or she was an exact extra of an older person. Research workers say that within 5 old ages a pill that will assist prevent malignant neoplastic disease will be introduced on the market. That is great if you do non already hold it. If we find the cistron that has been mutated so we will be able to rectify that, relieving all of the marks of the malignant neoplastic disease. Cloning will alter the face of the planet everlastingly. We should be excited that we are able to double such a complex sequence of cistrons. Whatever you feel is morally right we should let this to go on because if we neer explore the hazards so we can neer bask the benefits. As antecedently stated the infinite geographic expedition yielded many new engineerings that will forever assistance in the bettering of society. We can non go on to forbid the geographic expedition of scientific survey. If this pattern continues so we will non be able to go on to develop promotions in the prolonging of the human species. We can # 8217 ; t enforce a prohibition on cloning, if we do so who is to state that we will non enforce a prohibition on the research that will hopefully one twenty-four hours take to a remedy for malignant neoplastic disease.

Research Essay Outline Name _____________________ Essays

Research Essay Outline Name: _______________________ 1. Introduction A. Thesis Statement: ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _ B. Other ideas for introduction: __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ___ 2. Argument One:_______________________________________________________________ Supporting Details: A.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ B.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ C.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ D.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ 3. Argument Two:_______________________________________________________________ Supporting Details: A.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ B.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ C.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ D.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ 4. Argument Three:______________________________________________________________ Supporting Details: A.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ B.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ C.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ D.________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __ 5. Conclusion A. Points to make in conclusion: __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____ *As you can see from the outline, you only need three arguments to support your thesis statement. However, if you want to add more arguments, you can write those in on the space below. Of course, they would come before the conclusion when writing the rough draft of your essay. Research Essay Outline Name: Mrs. Cabel 1. Introduction A. Thesis Statement: Rape culture messages are pervasive in many aspects of Canadian society, including the media and educational institutions, which have led to the normalization of rape in our country. B. Other ideas for introduction: . Story of Rehteah Parsons . Quotes from Chants (maybe a snapshot from a freshman's point of view having to cheer this) . 50 Shades of Grey - People Magazine Tweets 2. Argument One: There have been many recent high profile examples of rape culture in Canada. Supporting Details: A. Rehteah Parsons case B Freshman chants at universities - UBC and SMU (ex: YOUNG - "Y is for Your sister, O is for Oh so tight, U is for Underage, N is for No consent, G is for Go to jail") C. Dal Dentistry students - use quotes from their facebook posts 3. Argument Two: The portrayal of rape and sexual assault through different media is becoming widespread and contributes to the existence of rape culture in our society. Supporting Details: A. Rape culture messages on television - see sexual violence as entertainment a. 109 scripted dramas showed or discussed rape this season. 16 did not (Roberts) b. Quote from Two Broke Girls (Roberts) c. Rape is on the rise in the news (Roberts d. Movies - example of 50 Shades of Grey (marketed as a romance for Valentine's Day, but really is about a dangerous relationship filled with physical and emotional abuse) e. Stats on numbers of violent acts against women on major networks B. Rape culture in magazines/internet/video games a. Fashion magazines - Dolce & Gabanna ad (Zerbisias) b. Amazon.com c. Songs, jokes, music videos C. Social media exacerbates the problem (Kane) a. Online repercussions after sexual incidents b. Further publicizes the act - more far-reaching 4. Argument Three: Canada has very specific laws of consent, however, most incidents of sexual assault remain unreported. Supporting Details: A. Canadian laws on consent: only "yes means yes" - you don't need to say "no" according to the law B. Barriers to justice for victims a. Triangulation effect - most cases of sexual assault are not reported b. Victim blaming and misinformation regarding "fabrications" (Kane - Q) 5. Conclusion A. Points to make in conclusion: . Issues in education - could this be a solution? . Quote - "Why do we in North America feel we have the right to call rapes in India appalling when we have privileged students here glorifying it?" (Timson) . Quote - "How many more times do women have to be told to be afraid, to be very afraid, and change the way they live their lives?" (Zerbisias) ODDS AND ENDS: *Insert a paragraph between the introduction and argument one, which defines rape culture. Include: . Definition of rape culture - an ecosystem where rape is normalized and even encouraged . People are able to shrug it off or state that people are overexagerating . Victim blaming . Stats on men who said they would commit rape (Prochuck and Hutchinson) Research Essay Outline Name: Mrs. Cabel 2. Introduction A. Thesis Statement: The resurgence of heroin as a "problem drug" in the United States and Canada is a result of shrewd marketing on the part of dealers, as well as a mass switch to the drug by those who abused painkillers. B. Other ideas for introduction: . True story of actor Phillip Seymour Hoffman as a hook . Quote - "reached epidemic proportions..." (Goodman) 2. Argument One: Heroin, a drug that had been dying

Elements of a State and Philippine Constitution Essay Essays

Elements of a State and Philippine Constitution Essay Essays Elements of a State and Philippine Constitution Essay Essay Elements of a State and Philippine Constitution Essay Essay State A community of individuals more or less legion. for good busying a definite part of district. independent of external control. and possessing an organized authorities to which the great organic structure of its dwellers render accustomed obeisance ( De Leon. 2000 ) . The Philippines is a province.Elementss of a State The first component of a province is the people. which is known to be the most indispensable and indispensable component of a province. This is the mass of the population. or the figure of people populating within the province. There is no specific figure of people required life within a province so that it could be called a province. The 2nd component is the district. which is the constituted country that justly belongs to the people of the province. This is the aerial ( air ) . tellurian ( land ) . fluvial ( stream/river ) . and maritime ( H2O ) domains of the province. The 3rd component is the authorities. which is the bureau to which the will of the province is expressed. created and administered. This is a group of people or establishments which run and rule the society. The 4th component is the sovereignty. which is known as the supreme power of the province to command and implement obeisance its will from the people. District Harmonizing to Article One. National Territory. of The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: â€Å"The national district comprises the Philippine archipelago. with all the islands and Waterss embraced therein. and all other districts over which the Philippines has sovereignty or legal power. consisting of its terrestrial. fluvial and aerial spheres. including its territorial sea. the ocean floor. the undersoil. the insular shelves. and other pigboat countries. The Waterss around. between. and linking the islands of the archipelago. regardless of their comprehensiveness and dimensions. organize portion of the internal Waterss of the Philippines. † This means that all the country that is encompassed by 185 kilometres ( 100 maritime stat mis ) from the Philippine shore. under the seabed even. is a district of the Philippines. This is sometimes besides known as the â€Å"Philippine Area of Responsibility† . a term used by PAG-ASA and other conditions bureaus to find for illustration. if a typhoon or a Low Pressure Area has entered our district. Fundamental law of the Philippines The fundamental law of the Philippines is the most of import portion of a province. The national district and all the cardinal laws- the set of regulations and principles- can be found here. The Constitution besides enunciates province rules and policies. Among the rules and policies embodied in the Fundamental law are: ( 1 ) Sovereignty of the people ; ( 2 ) Repudiation of war as an instrument of national policy ; ( 3 ) Domination of civilian authorization over the military ; ( 4 ) Service and protection of the people as the premier responsibility of the Government ; ( 5 ) Separation of Church and State ; ( 6 ) Guarantee of human rights ; ( 7 ) Separation of power among the assorted subdivisions of authoritiess ; and ( 8 ) Autonomy for local authorities units. One of the cardinal constituents of the Constitution is the Bill of Rights. which declares and enumerates the basic rights and autonomies of the people which the authorities ( or any individual ) is out to go against or infringe upon. Among the rights granted by the Fundamental law are: ( 1 ) Due procedure of jurisprudence and equal protection ; ( 2 ) Right against unreasonable hunt and ictus ; ( 3 ) Right of privateness ; ( 4 ) Freedom of address. of look. and of the imperativeness ; ( 5 ) Freedom of faith ; ( 6 ) Autonomy of residence and travel ; ( 7 ) Right to information on affairs of public concern ; ( 8 ) Right to organize associations for intents non contrary to jurisprudence ; ( 9 ) Right to a merely compensation when private belongings is taken for public usage ; ( 10 ) Right against damage of contract ; ( 11 ) Freedom of entree to the tribunals ; ( 12 ) Rights refering to individuals under probe ; ( 13 ) Right against inordinate bond ; ( 14 ) Rights of the accused in condemnable instances ; and ( 15 ) Right to speedy temperament of instances. It has been revised seven times. get downing from The 1899 Malolos Constitution. which was approved by so President Emilio Aguinaldo on December 23. 1898 and promulgated on January 21. 1899. and so the Philippine Organic Act of 1912 enacted into jurisprudence by the United States Congress on July 1. 1902. Next was The Jones Law of 1916. enacted into jurisprudence by the United States Congress on August29. 1916. followed by The 1935 Constitution. which was approved by the 1934 Constitutional Convention on February 8. 1935. certified by the President of the United States on March 25. 1935. and ratified by plebiscite on May 14. 1935. This was amended two times. on June 18 1940 and March 11. 1947. The 1943 Constitution. was approved by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence on September 4. 1943 and ratified by the KALIBAPI convention on September 7. 1943. Following this is The 1973 Constitution. which was proclaimed in force by Proclamation by so President Ferdinand Marcos on January 17. 1973. This was amended three times. on October 16-17. 1976. January 30. 1980 and April 7. 1981. The present fundamental law. which is The 1987 Constitution. was foremost presented to so President Cory C. Aquino as The 1986 Freedom Constitution on October 15. 1986. This was approved by the Constitutional Commission on October 12. 1986. It was ratified by a plebiscite on February 2. 1987 and proclaimed in force by February 11. 1987. Mentions:Pacaway. J. ( 2014. July 4 ) . Filipino authorities with 1987 fundamental law. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. slideshare. net/anjanet2/philippine-government-with-1987-constitution Filipino Constitutions | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gov. ph/constitutions/ Salinas. S. ( 2013. December 16 ) . Concepts of province and authorities. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. slideshare. net/sarahsalinascatwoman/concepts-of-state-and-government-29249128 THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE I | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gov. ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-i/ The History and Evolution of the Philippine Constitution | Law | Jcmiras_03. ( 2014. August ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pinoysites. org/jcm/item/12/ The Constitution of the Philippines: An Overview | Herald Digital Law Philippines. ( 2011. February 1 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //philippineslaw. wordpress. com/2011/02/01/the-constitution-of-the-philippines-an-overview/

Steps to Effective Lesson Planning for Grades 7â€12

Steps to Effective Lesson Planning for Grades 7–12 Writing lesson plans ensures that you are addressing the requirements of the curriculum, effectively planning teaching time, and using the best strategies to address student needs.  Ã‚  Your school district may already have a template, or you can use a general lesson plan template as you work through creating your lesson plans. Before Writing the Plan Begin with the end in mind. Ask the following questions: What do you want the students to learn from this lesson?What state or national standards are you meeting?What does the curriculum from your state or your district require?What are the needs of your students in meeting the requirements of the curriculum? Once youve determined this, write a quick description and list out your objectives for the assignment. Ensure that you will provide extra support to students who do not have the skills to meet the objective. Keep a vocabulary list that uses academic vocabulary words  that you can access as you write out your lesson plan procedure. Additionally, decide content vocabulary students will need as well. This will help you remember terms that you need to make sure the students understand as they work through the lesson. Create a materials list and add to this as you write your procedure so that you know exactly what you will need including audiovisual equipment, the number of copies youll need, other required materials, and even the page numbers from books you plan to cover. Creating the Lesson Plan Determine if the lesson is new learning or a review. Decide how you will begin the lesson. For example, decide whether to use a simple oral explanation for the lesson or a pre-activity to determine what students know. Decide the method(s) you will use to teach the content of your lesson. For example, does it lend itself to independent reading, lecture, or whole group discussion? Will you target instruction for certain students by grouping? Sometimes it is best to use a combination of these methods, varying teaching techniques: beginning with a few minutes of lecture- such as five minutes- followed by an activity in which students apply what you taught or a short whole-group discussion to ensure that the students understand what you have taught them. Decide  how you will have the students practice the skill/information you just taught them. For example, if you have taught them about the use of a map in a particular country or town, envision how you will have them practice this information to truly gain an understanding of the material. You might have them complete independent practice, use a whole-group simulation, or allow students to work cooperatively on a project. The key is to get students to practice the information you have presented. Once you determine how students will practice the skills that you taught them, decide how you will know that they understood what was taught. This could be a simple show of hands or something more formal as a 3-2-1 exit slip. Sometimes a game activity can be an effective way to review, or if the technology is available, a kahoot! quiz. Review the draft lesson plan to determine any accommodations you need to make for your class including accommodations for English-language learners and special education students. Once you have completed your lesson plan, include  any details such as  homework assignments. Make any copies of handouts needed and gather materials for the lesson. Tips and Hints Always start with the final assessment, showing that students understand the material you have presented. Knowing the assessments will leave you  better able to focus the lesson on what is essential. Additionally: Refer regularly to curriculum documents and pacing guides.Try not to rely solely on your textbook for lessons, but do ensure that you evaluate any other source you might use like other books, other teachers, written resources, and internet web pages.Some school districts require standards to be listed on the lesson plans while others do not. Make sure that you check with your school district. Always overplan: It is much easier to cut things out of a plan or continue it the next day than fill 15 or 20 extra minutes. If possible, connect homework to real life. This will help reinforce what the students should be learning.

Rubrics In Evaluating Student Works Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Rubrics In Evaluating Student Works - Case Study Example The author citing (Nitko, 2001) (Moskal, 2000) said, " A holistic rubric requires the teacher to score the overall process or product as a whole, without judging the component parts separately. In contrast, with an analytic rubric, the teacher scores separate, individual parts of the product or performance first, then sums the individual scores to obtain a total score." Mertler, (2001) citing Chase (1999) suggested that holistic rubrics are customarily utilized when errors in some part of the process can be tolerated provided the overall quality is high. He cited Nitko (2001) further said that the use of holistic rubrics is probably more appropriate when performance tasks require students to create some sort of response and where there is no definitive correct answer Hence when talking of overall quality holistic is preferable aside from somewhat quicker scoring process than the use of analytic rubrics (Mertler, 2001, citing Nitko,(2001). This is basically due to the fact that the teacher is required to read through or otherwise examine the student product or performance only once, in order to get an "overall" sense of what the student was able to accomplish (Mertler, 2001). Mertler, 2001 citing Nitco ( 2001) prefers the use of analytic rubrics when fairly... it ( 2001) prefers the use of analytic rubrics when a fairly focused type of response is required, that is, for performing tasks in which there may be one or two acceptable responses and creativity is not an essential feature of the students' responses. He also suggested the use of the same in making an assessment on a multidimensional level. A rubric measures performance and measuring performance is just one of the functions of a teacher hence prior to design a specific rubric, a choice scoring holistically or analytically must be made.

Intellectual Property Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intellectual Property - Assignment Example 2. Intellectual property may include inventions, creative efforts of individuals, original works by authors or trade secrets etc. that will provide future economic benefits to the business. How we protect intellectual property depends on the type of property we deal with and the industry we’re operating in. This usually involves obtaining patents, trademarks and copyrights for the intellectual property we own. The holder of a patent can protect his product by preventing other companies to use, or take advantage, in any way, of their invention up to certain future date depending on the type of invention. The key question that arises here is does the business own the inventions or does the creative work is the result of efforts of the individuals hired by the company? Similarly copyright offers the authors and creators the protection of their original intellectual work (such as literature, art, music, photographs, video recordings, software etc.). The copyright symbol informs ot hers that the author is intending to exercise control over the production and redistribution of the work. Likewise a â€Å"trademark† offers businesses the opportunity to sell their product to the consumers under their unique name. As such it avoids confusion and deceiving. In such employment agreements, the employer restricts the employee from quitting the company and joining another competitive firm or setting up his/her own competitive business. Such employment agreements are usually enforceable only if they apply restrictions within a specific area and for a definite future time period. In some states non-compete agreements are enforceable only if they are supported by the adequate consideration for the employee otherwise they are considered as agreements in restraint on trade and hence void. The advantage of non-competitive clause is obvious that it

Genetic Information Essay Example for Free

Genetic Information Essay The goal of this essay is to determine whether the information presented within it could be considered a violation or a non-violation of the GINA of 2008. A case study has been determined to be a method to learn about a complex instance. This information is based on understanding the detailed instance and analyzing the context as a whole. I will be briefly discussing this case study. The GINA legislation had unanimous support when it was signed into law by President Bush. This case study is broken down into many different stories that focus on GINA. The Act was voted into Congress in 2008 (Hudson, Holohan, Collins, 2014). Case studies also describes an analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied. GINA is being described as promoting genetic research and preventive screening, safeguard medical privacy, and prevent unfair treatment of individuals based on traits that are linked to diseases (Hudson, Holohan, Collins, 2014). There was talk about the threat that arises from the Supreme Court’s federalism revolution of 1995-2001. Chief Justice Rehnquist took greater strides in placing a limit on the power of Congress. These rules affected the Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Amendments along with the Commerce Clause that would balance the power of the state and federal (Tobin, 2008). It is stated in the fact sheet that â€Å"GINA expands the genetic information protections included in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA prevents a plan or issuer from imposing a preexisting condition exclusion provision based solely on genetic information, and prohibits discrimination in individual eligibility, benefits, or premiums based on any health factor (including genetic information)† (United States Department of Labor, 2009). Surveys was taken from 50 states that relied on the Bureau of Labor Statistics. These surveys showed disparities in private sector leave and  gender differences. Arguments are made over the distinction based on the level of scrutiny (Tobin, 2008). GINA was first introduced in 1995 in response to concerns about the misuse of information regarding genetic predispositions to various diseases. The bill sought to help those that was applying for insurance to keep them from being denied. According to GINA the analysis went wrong in some aspect of employment. The Supreme Court’s Section 5 jurisprudence insofar as they provide remedies for state employees (Tobin, 2008). It is also unlawful for a covered entity to disclose genetic information about applicants, employees or members. Covered entities must keep genetic information confidential and in a separate medical file (Tobin, 2008). There are limited exceptions to this non-disclosure rule, such as exceptions that provide for the disclosure of relevant genetic information to government officials investigating compliance with Title II of GINA and for disclosures made pursuant to a court order (Tobin, 2008). When it comes down to any type of employment the law forbids discrimination on the basis of genetic information which include hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or any other type of employment. An employer should never use genetic information to make an employment decision because genetic information is not relevant to an individuals ability to work at any time (Tobin, 2008). A goal of the policy is to protect equality and privacy of an employer that lose their jobs as a result to genetic testing. According to Kimel and Garrett evidence that Congress collected is of no concern because it’s only in the private sector and not by state. Some states argued that being flexible to GINA is not consistent with the Court’s (Tobin, 2008). Instances in these cases shows the analysis of the areas that are considered too went wrong with GINA. For instance, courts need to apply heightened constitutional scrutiny to genetic discrimination. This will keep states from arguing against them and win stating its insufficient data. Another examples is there is a strong case for abrogating sovereign immunity in those cases where employers rely on the information that is took from genetic testing that has been linked to racial or ethnic backgrounds. The last reason is the provisions that uphold GINA’S privacy in 5 legislations has an uncertainty about it not being strong enough to work against state  employment. The Voting Rights Act Reauthorization Act was created in 2006 to place jurisdictions on the voting history of racial discrimination. The research from this act allowed congress to take action towards making decisions on these issues. Approval would have to come from the attorney General or a federal court. This pro vision help minority voters the ability to vote and make their voice heard through the election process (Tobin, 2008). Another concern was about racial profiling policies and procedures that needed to be changed to prohibit police from unjustly stereotyping individuals (Tobin, 2008). This bill called End Racial Profiling Act was entered into the legislations by Rep. John Conyers and Sen. Russ Feingold in 2001. The courts shouldn’t have invalidated the civil rights as it did because it didn’t put enough force on change for minorities. It has hesitantly enforced the rights of persecuted minorities and in many ways it has changed the face of the United States law and politics. I determined that GINA has been cited as a strong step forward, but I believe that the legislation does not go far enough in enabling personal control over genetic testing results. In conclusion, these cases have changed the livelihood of many people but more need to be done for better congressional. Some Courts have supported equal right while other decisions have hindered them. References Tobin, H. (2008). The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008: A Case Study of the Need For Better Congressional Responses to Federalism Jurisprudence. Retrieved from Ashford University. Hudson, K., Holohan, M. K., Collins, F. (2014). Keeping Pace with the Times – The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0803964 United States Department of Labor (2009). Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fsGINA.html

Economic Impact Of A Sports Facility :: essays research papers

Feasibility Study Before a facility's economic impact can be determined, a feasibility study should be done to excite the community members about the facility. The purpose of a feasibility study is to "provide research information about the community, special interest groups, and its use as a decision making tool in the community" (Farmer, Montgomery, Ammon, Jr. 12). In essence, this study is done to assure the community that building a sports facility is right for them and that their money will not go to waste. It also let's them know why their area is the most feasible for the facility. It also gives them non-economic influences such as civic pride in their team. If they have more than just economic reasons to approve the stadium, they will not need that much more influence to vote yes. The main points of the study should include estimated economic benefits to the owner of the team and facility, the short term costs along with term costs, and cultural or economic loses and benefits to the community. The cost of the study usually runs about $.08 per person in the community. (E.g. 75,000 people = $6,000 cost) When doing these studies, the city offices need to hire outside firms and specialist such as accountants and economists. These people will bring credibility to the studies, which will look good to the people in the community. The weakness with hiring these outside firms is that they are in this for themselves and may not understand what you are trying to do. If they do not understand how this is intended to be a positive influence on your residents, they may not focus on the positive points as much as the officials would like. When the financing of the facility needs to be determined, it forces the city officials to put together where the money they need is going to come from. They can take from the community, take from the owner of the teams, or hire an entirely new owner for the building. Before a facility is built, there may be need to schedule dates for events in advance and collect deposits to help pay for the construction. By attracting a prime tenant immediately, many dates on the calendar will be filled and attracting a prime tenant immediately will put a nice sum of money into the development funds for the facility. Also, setting dates for other events can contribute to the facility funding. Economic Impact Of A Sports Facility :: essays research papers Feasibility Study Before a facility's economic impact can be determined, a feasibility study should be done to excite the community members about the facility. The purpose of a feasibility study is to "provide research information about the community, special interest groups, and its use as a decision making tool in the community" (Farmer, Montgomery, Ammon, Jr. 12). In essence, this study is done to assure the community that building a sports facility is right for them and that their money will not go to waste. It also let's them know why their area is the most feasible for the facility. It also gives them non-economic influences such as civic pride in their team. If they have more than just economic reasons to approve the stadium, they will not need that much more influence to vote yes. The main points of the study should include estimated economic benefits to the owner of the team and facility, the short term costs along with term costs, and cultural or economic loses and benefits to the community. The cost of the study usually runs about $.08 per person in the community. (E.g. 75,000 people = $6,000 cost) When doing these studies, the city offices need to hire outside firms and specialist such as accountants and economists. These people will bring credibility to the studies, which will look good to the people in the community. The weakness with hiring these outside firms is that they are in this for themselves and may not understand what you are trying to do. If they do not understand how this is intended to be a positive influence on your residents, they may not focus on the positive points as much as the officials would like. When the financing of the facility needs to be determined, it forces the city officials to put together where the money they need is going to come from. They can take from the community, take from the owner of the teams, or hire an entirely new owner for the building. Before a facility is built, there may be need to schedule dates for events in advance and collect deposits to help pay for the construction. By attracting a prime tenant immediately, many dates on the calendar will be filled and attracting a prime tenant immediately will put a nice sum of money into the development funds for the facility. Also, setting dates for other events can contribute to the facility funding.

First Day of School Essay

Middle school is a milestone for most people. The pressure for a newcomer can be exhausting and stressful. Upcoming sixth graders must adjust to their new environment. Unlike elementary school classes, middle school classes contain shorter periods, more quizzes and tests, and more homework. The new adjustment to lockers can be difficult or easy; the hard part is getting to class on time. The materials needed are confusing and frustrating at times new students must adapt to their new school education system. Lastly, the teachers post grades on Edline for each class. The lockers, materials, and grades are all part of the milestone to middle school. Lockers are one of the toughest things new 6th graders must get use to. The lockers have a lock on each one. The lock is opened with a three-digit code. It may take a while to get use to the turning and memorizing the passcode. New students who have not used a lock before usually have a hard time opening their lockers and may ask friends or neighbors to help, these students may have to take a week or so to get the hang of it. One of the new things students are introduced in middle school are tardys, lates, and detentions. Students usually get detention if they are late to class, forget to bring class supplies, or talk in class too much. Only the first week is an exception because everyone is adjusting to his or her new schedule. The materials for each class are different and unique. Some classes you need a journal or notebook; or a pen or pencil. For every class everyone needs a 2-4 inch binder that holds all seven class periods including elective and health. A binder holds all of the papers, pencils, pens, highlighters, erasers, and other supplies needed for each class. Additionally, people have to switch binders at least once a year since they break easily if someone drops them or the ring get demented. The papers the teacher gives you must be put in the rings, the binder can will overflow if you put it in the folders or just stuff it in. After about a semester, students have to clean out their binders for the new quarter. It takes a lot of preparation to get ready for middle school. On the first day of middle school, new students will get a code to create a new account on Edline. Edline is used to put assignments out, notices, emergencies, homework, and their current assign report (current grades). A current assignment report is created for each teacher the student has and a homeroom for absents, lates, or tardys. When someone is absent on a day then the teacher can either put a Z or an X. A Z is the student has not turned it work in by the due date. And an X is the student is excused for their missed work. If the student has a Z and does not turn it in by the end of the quarter, it turns into a 0 (zero). Near the end of the marking period, if the student has an 89. 4 or a 79. 4 then they can ask the teacher for one point to bump up their grade to the next grade letter. Worries and anxiousness may take over and control the human mind, making them stress and get irritated a lot. This can pull there grades down with all the stress accumulating. For upcoming middle school students prepare is everything because they have not experienced middle school pros and cons. A student’s locker, their edline, and the materials accumulate to create a successful year for students. They first few weeks are easy and confusing. Teachers usually do not give out homework but it takes time to memorize all the classrooms and the teachers. The frustration and stress can cause breakdowns but as the weeks go by everything seems to get into place over time.

8 mile film analysis Essay

The 2009 film, 8 Mile, parallels the true life story of multi-platinum artist, Eminem. Directed by Curtis Hanson, the film takes place in 1995, a time where hip-hop music was growing and Detroit, Michigan had hit an all time low. Eminem (formally referred to as Marshall Mathers) plays Jimmy, a wannabe rapper from the poor side of Detroit and stars like Brittany Murphy, Kim Basinger, and Mekhi Phifer all play key roles in the film. The film follows the lyrically talented Jimmy, also known as Rabbit by his friends, and his struggle to become a white rapper in a predominately black field. He also struggles with dealing with his alcoholic mother, poor social status, and his rival gang who call themselves â€Å"The Free World† (8 Mile, Wikipedia.com). The film effectively portrays the rap competition in Detroit and Jimmy’s fight to be on top. 8 Mile’s urban tale raises questions about stereotypes, class separation, and segregation, while gaining the viewers respect fo r hip-hop music and successfully developing characters and using real life matters to reproduce a true story. The film begins with Jimmy Smith (Eminem), a young and unhappy blue-collar worker from a poor family, struggling with different aspects of his life. He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the rundown trailer home in Detroit, Michigan of his alcoholic mother, Stephanie (Kim Basinger), his little sister Lily (Chloe Greenfield), and Stephanie’s abusive live-in boyfriend Greg (Michael Shannon). Jimmy is focused on getting his music career started, but he seems unable to catch a break. Jimmy comes to realize that his life has remained largely the same since he graduated high school. (â€Å"8 Mile†, rottentomatoes.com) At first, he considers himself a victim of his circumstances and blames others for his problems. Over time, though, Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life. His newly established relationship with Alex (played by Brittany Murphy) ends when Jimmy walks in on his friend Wink (Eugene Byrd) having sex with her. Jimmy beats up Wink, which later causes Wink to join forces with Jimmy’s enemies, a gang of rappers known as the Leaders of the Free World. Later, Wink and the Free World gang jump him outside of his mother’s trailer, but when one member pulls a gun on Jimmy, Wink stops him and they leave. Jimmy’s friends have hailed him throughout the film as an incredible rapper, and his friend Future (Mekhi Phifer) puts pressure on Jimmy to get his revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle. (â€Å"8 Mile†, wikipedia.com) The battle acts as a â€Å"final conflict† with the Leaders of the Free World gang who have harassed Jimmy throughout the film. It has three rounds, and in each of them Jimmy confronts a member of the gang. Jimmy wins both of the first two rounds and in the last round, he is paired against Papa Doc (Anthony Mackie), the tournament’s most feared battler and Jimmy’s main antagonist throughout the film. Jimmy is aware that Doc knows all his weak points, so he decides to address them with his freestyle. Jimmy acknowledges without shame his lower-class white trash roots and the humiliations the Free World gang have inflicted on him, and then uses the difficult life he has had as basis to reveal the truth about Papa Doc. With little to say in rebuttal, Papa Doc gives the microphone back to Future and Jimmy wins the battle. As Jimmy leaves the venue, Future suggests that he stay and celebrate his victory while also offering a position that would allow him to host battles at The Shelter. Jimmy turns him down, claiming he has to get back to work and to find success his own way. He then starts walking back to work, feeling more confident about his future. (â€Å"8 Mile†, wikipedia.com) The movie is titled after a main street in Michigan, 8 Mile road. 8 Mile Road has carried major cultural significance; it has served as a physical and cultural dividing line between the wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs of Detroit and the poorer, predominantly black city (â€Å"Michiga n highway†). The road plays a major part in the film and is the reason for the two different rap crews. One rap group, â€Å"Three One-Third† is the one that Jimmy and his friends, Dr. Iz, Cheddar Bob, Future and Sol are a part of. Their group name is a representation of the slums they live in, with their area code being 313. Most of them are black, have old cars and live in run down homes. Jimmy lives in a trailer park with his alcoholic mother, and is often stereotyped as â€Å"white trash†. Throughout the movie the characters reference the road to one another aware of its cultural meaning. Jimmy raps about it repeating in one of his freestyles, repeating, â€Å"Everybody from the 313 put your motherf***ing hands up and follow me† (â€Å"The 10 Most Memorable Rap Lines From ‘8 Mile†) He also raps; â€Å"I’m gonna turn around with a great smile, and walk my white ass back across 8 Mile† (â€Å"8 mile lyrics†). The Free World, the second group in the film, lives on the northern side of 8 Mile. They are part of a middle class Detroit and their crew includes Papa Doc, Wink, Lyckity Splyt, and Lotto. They own guns, dress better, and have more control over the Detroit area due to their higher social status. They have the upper hand in the hip-hop â€Å"game† and are convinced they have the better connections and are gonna make it before Rabbit does. Papa Doc even owns an Escalade in which they all pull up in when going to beat up Rabbit, proving they are the antagonist in the film. 8 Mile is not only the title of the film but also the racial boundary that sets imaginary lines in class separation in the movie and in Detroit today. The notorious road is not the only racial dispute in the film. Rabbit struggles multiple times throughout the movie simply because he is white. In the opening scene, you see Rabbit in a club bathroom preparing to rap battle. As he leaves the bathroom he passes the bouncer to proceed backstage. He quickly gets stopped by the bouncer and the large black man asks â€Å"Where the hell do you think you’re going?† Rabbit looks startled and begins to argue, claiming that the bouncer had just seen him leave to go the bathroom. When the bouncer replies, â€Å"I didn’t see nothin’† Rabbit gets worked up and screams â€Å"Man, you just fuckin’ seen me! I just went to the bathroom!† He continues to fight with the bouncer and is not let in until his black friend, Future, who is respected in the Detroit area, grabs him and lets the bouncer know that â€Å"he’s cool†. (â€Å"8 mile†, imbd.com) When Rabbit goes to rap, the camera focuses on him, then on the crowd where viewers take a mental note of the all black mob he is about to rap to. When the camera focuses back Rabbit, he looks nervous, chokes and walks off stage. This scene really portrays how difficult it is for Rabbit to overcome his disadvantage of being white in, what it seems to be, an all black competition. The opening scene makes Rabbit seem like a scared white boy, fearful of the judgement of the blacks, but as the movie continues, Rabbits character grows and becomes less afraid. Not only do you see Rab bit becoming less fearful, but he also reveals his soft spot for children. After Rabbit flees from the rap battle, he goes back  to live with his mother since he recently broke up with his girlfriend whom he lived with. Once he meets his mother’s new boyfriend, they get into a verbal argument where Jimmy throws a beer bottle at him. The argument wakes up Jimmy’s little sister, Lily. Once Lily comes out, even the tone of Rabbit’s voice changes. He becomes higher pitched and looks at her with a softness in his eyes, and when requested to sing her to sleep, he does so, singing to her a song he comes up with on the spot. This scene illustrates the complexity of Jimmy’s character and shows that he is more than just a ‘white trash rapper’. Another key moment in the film that shows Rabbit growing as a person is a work scene. When Rabbit’s car breaks down, he’s late to work and upon questioning, Rabbit quickly says its not his fault. A few scenes later, when another on the job dispute happens, he stops himself from saying that it wasn’t his fault and assures his boss that it won’t happen again. The audience can realize that Rabbit is maturing and taking responsibility for his actions. Another intricate character is Rabbit’s friend, Dr. Iz. Although his do-rag and large clothing say otherwise, he is a complex character who often looks deeply into things. He says when looking around the city, â€Å"Man, do you know how many abandoned buildings we have in Detroit? I mean, how are you supposed to take pride in your neighborhood with shit like that next door? And does the city tear them down? No, they too busy building casinos and taking money from the people.† When his friends make it clear that they don’t care he says, â€Å"Did you care when that crackhead raped that little girl? You think that woulda’ happened if he didn’t have an abandoned house to take her to (â€Å"8 Mile Quotes†)?†. He convinces Rabbit to help them burn down the building by evoking feelings of sympathy and saying â€Å"It could have been Lily†. Jimmy’s quick urge to help shows the compassion that Jimmy has for his sister and how Dr. Iz and the friends who helped burn the house down believe in what’s right, have morals, and wanted to erase the memory of a helpless girl getting raped. The actors in the film act tremendously well. Eminems portrayal of Jimmy was simple for him to perform considering the character is based on himself. Although the raps are scripted, Eminem delivers them with such strength. The veins in his arm pop out as he raps and his eyes bulge out of his head, truly showing his passion for rap music. The way Kim Basinger takes the role  as an alcohol dependent and emotionally unstable is brilliant. She carries out her lines with a shaky, uncertain undertone that truly brings out how emotionally unsure she is. Brittany Murphy plays a seductive and sassy young adult seeking to be a model. She administers her lines with her head slightly down and her big eyes looking up. She shakes her head often and almost seems to be on drugs, but it works for her character. Overall, I think the acting was well done, but not too impressive considering the roles they played weren’t impossibly hard. The music choice in this film is another aspect to take note of. The song opens up with â€Å"The Shook Ones† by Mobb Deep. The famous line in the song, â€Å"Cause ain’t no such thing as a halfway crook† is played while Jimmy gets ready to rap, and in his final freestyle that line is used again, but by Jimmy this time. Whenever you see Jimmy coming up with lyrics, the instrumental beat comes on and only the words that he is rhyming are heard. While he is in the car with his friends, Biggie Small’s â€Å"Juicy† is playing. The song is an iconic tune that comes to mind when one thinks about rap music. I also believe it is foreshadowing that like Biggie, Jimmy will also become a legend in the hip-hop industry. When Rabbit is getting beat up by The Free World members, the song â€Å"Gang Stories† by South Central Cartel is playing which has a specific line â€Å"don’t be another sucker on my hit list† and Jimmy was definitely on th e Free World’s hit list. The music in the movie really adds on the the hip hop, gangster vibe of the film, and enhances its effectiveness to show what 1995 Detroit was like. Although the movie reviewing website, Rottentomatoes.com only rated the movie a 6.7/10, I would rate the film a 10. I believe that the actors were very into their characters and all of their roles were extremely believable. The scenery is not staged and was actually filmed right on 8 Mile, furthering the movies credibility. I also believe the music choice magnifies the movie’s energy. The film rids itself of subplots and complexities, making it a light film to watch, even though its urban and inner city settings weigh it down. I think people who rate it any lower than a seven out of ten lack an ability to see the artistic side of the film and expect it to be grander, when in reality the movie was not created with intent to  be criticized, or make millions. (â€Å"8 mile† chicagoreader.com). Rather, the film was created to give viewers a deeper insight into what Grammy award winning rapper, Eminem, had to overcome to become the amazing artist he is now and although som e may not have received a deeper understanding of the life of a wannabe rapper, I certainly did. Works Cited â€Å"8 Mile.† IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. â€Å"8 Mile (2002).† 8 Mile. N.p., 16 Feb. 2002. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 Mile (film).† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 Mile .† Chicago Reader. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 mile lyrics.† IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Eminem.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Full Cast & Crew.† IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 Mile Quotes.† Quotefully – Browse Your Favorite TV Show and Movie Quotes.† Quotefully – Browse Your Favorite TV Show and Movie Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"The 10 Most Memorable Rap Lines From ‘8 Mile’.† Vibe. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. .

Renaissance

In this period, which we call the Renaissance (the rebirth of interests in the arts), with its church-dominated intellectual and cultural life was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by politics, with an urban, commercial economy and lay support of education, the arts, and music. Most Renaissance theorists came to the conclusion that the main task of men in power was to maintain security and peace. Machiavelli stated that the creative force of the ruler was the key to preserving his own position and the well beings of his subjects. This was an idea agreeable with contemporary politics. Machiavelli also continued with that the ruler must be "as cunning as a fox and as ferocious as a lion" in his dealings with his subjects. Henry VII of England used his power to check the strength of the aristocracy and empower the monarch. Henry VII used his royal council for all of his matters. The council prepared laws for parliamentary ratification. The royal council dealt with real or potential aristocratic threats via a judicial offshoot, such as the court of Star Chamber. Besides the sovereignty which men held over politics, they [men] also held a strong domination over women. Men considered women as their "equity". In Castiglione's The Courtier, the wo! man was to make herself pleasing to the man. Only men could partake in the public environment. Women belonged at home. J. Lucas-Dubreton described a model household during the Renaissance as one where the first thing that the man does after their marriage is showing his wife where grain, wine, and wood are stored and where valuables are kept. He does not disclose to her any information concerning his finances. After this is completed, he prays to God that she will be a good wife who will please him. He also prays that they will have many male children. The man prays that he will have a good political standing, and that his wife will be a good housekeeper.

Text Organization Guide for English Learners

Text Organization Guide for English Learners Text organization refers to how a text is organized to help readers follow and understand the information presented. There are a number of standard forms that help text organization when writing. This text organization guide will help you logically guide your readers through your text. Text Organization: Referring to Ideas Already Presented Pronouns and determiners are used to refer to ideas, points or opinions that you have previously introduced, or will immediately introduce. Here is a quick review of pronouns and determiners with examples. Pronouns Remember that ideas, opinions, and arguments are considered objects in English which take object pronouns. it / it / its - singularthey / them / their - plural Examples: Its importance can not be underestimated.It now becomes clear that their role in production is vital.The government has given it ample consideration but rejected its validity. Determiners this / that - singularthese / those - plural This is key: Children need to be encouraged in order to succeed.Jefferson referred to those as unnecessary complications. Make sure that pronouns and determiners are clearly defined either before, or immediately after their introduction in order to avoid confusion. Examples: The need for economic growth is vital to any society. Without it, societies become defensive and ... (it refers to need for economic growth)These are vital for any job: interest, skills, manners... (these refers to interest, skills, manners) Text Organization: Providing Additional Information A number of forms are used to provide additional information in text organization. These forms are used at the beginning of a sentence to link text to the previous sentence: In addition to X, ...As well as X, ... Examples: In addition to these resources, we will require a further investment of ...As well as his difficulties in childhood, his continuing poverty as a young adult caused many problems. These phrases can be used in the middle of a sentence or a phrase to provide additional information in your text organization: alsoas well as Examples: Our commitment to the cause, as well as our financial resources, will make this possible.There was also time considerations to take into account. Sentence Structure: Not only...but also The sentence structure Not only clause, but also clause is also used to provide additional information and emphasize the later point in your argument: Examples: Not only does he bring experience and expertise to the company, but he also has an outstanding reputation.Not only are the students improving scores, but they are also having more fun. NOTE: Remember that sentences beginning with Not only ... use inverted structure (Not only do they do...) Text Organization: Introducing a Number of Points Its common to use phrases to signify the fact that you will be making different points in your text. The simplest way to indicate that you will be touching on a number of different points is to use sequencers. The appearance of sequencers indicates that there are points to follow or that precede your sentence. For more information on sequencers, continue on to the section on sequencing your ideas for text organization. There are also some set phrases that point to the fact that there are a number of points to follow. Here are the most common: There are a number of ways / means / manners ...The first point to make is ...Lets begin with the assumption that / the idea that / the fact that ... Examples: There are a number of ways we can approach this problem. First, ...Lets begin with the assumption that all of our courses are necessary for our students. Other phrases are used to indicate that one phrase is related to another in an additional sense. These phrases are common in text organization: For one thing ...and another thing / and for another ...besides that ...and besides Examples: For one thing he doesnt even believe what hes saying...., and another thing is that our resources cant begin to meet the demand. Text Organization: Contrasting Information There are a number of ways to contrast information in text organization. In most cases, two clauses are used: one with the most important information, as well as a clause introduced with a word or phrase showing contrast. The most common of these are although, though, even though, but, yet and despite, in spite of. Although, Even Though, Though Notice how though, even though or although show a situation which is contrary to the main clause to express conflicting information. Even though, though and although are synonymous. Use a comma after beginning a sentence with although, even though, though. No comma is required if you finish the sentence with although, even though, though. Examples: Even though it was expensive, he bought the car.Though he loves doughnuts, he has given them up for his diet.Although his course was difficult, he passed with the highest marks. Whereas, While Whereas and while show clauses in direct opposition to each other. Notice that you should always use a comma with whereas and while. Examples: Whereas you have lots of time to do your homework, I have very little time indeed.Mary is rich, while I am poor. Whereas, While But and yet provide contrary information that is often unexpected. Notice that you should always use a comma with but and yet. Examples: He spends a lot of time on his computer, yet his grades are very high.The research pointed to a specific cause, but the results painted a very different picture. Text Organization: Showing Logical Connections and Relations Logical consequences and results are shown by beginning sentences with linking language indicating a connection to the previous sentence (or sentences). The most common of these include as a result, accordingly, thus, hence, consequently. Examples: As a result, all funding will be suspended until further review.Consequently, the most important elements combine to provide a rich tapestry effect. Text Organization: Sequencing Your Ideas In order to help your audience understand, you need to link ideas together in your text organization. One of the most important ways to link ideas is to sequence them. Sequencing refers to the order in which events happened. These are some of the most common ways to sequence in writing: Beginning: Firstly,First of all,To start off with,Initially, Examples: Firstly, I began my education in London.First of all, I opened the cupboard.To start off with, we decided our destination was New York.Initially, I thought it was a bad idea, ... Continuing: Then,After that,Next,As soon as / When full clause,... but thenImmediately, Examples: Then, I started to get worried.After that, we knew that there would be no problem!Next, we decided on our strategy.As soon as we arrived, we unpacked our bags.We were sure everything was ready, but then we discovered some unexpected problems.Immediately, I telephoned my friend Tom. Interruptions / New Elements to the Story: Suddenly,Unexpectedly, Examples: Suddenly, a child burst into the room with a note for Ms. Smith.Unexpectedly, the people in the room didnt agree with the mayor. Events Occurring at the Same Time While / As full clauseDuring noun (noun clause) Examples: While we were getting ready for the trip, Jennifer was making the reservations at the travel agents.During the meeting, Jack came over and asked me a few questions. Ending: Finally,In the end,Eventually,Lastly, Examples: Finally, I flew to London for my meeting with Jack.In the end, he decided to postpone the project.Eventually, we became tired and returned home.Lastly, we felt we had had enough and went home.

Nordstrom Retail Service Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nordstrom Retail Service Strategy - Assignment Example Customers will start talking favorably about the company only when they feel they are given importance and showered attention by the sales staff. So, Nordstrom meticulously ensures that each customer feels important and leaves the store fully satisfied, unlike some other chains stores that focus only increasing turnover without spending much effort on pampering customers. Product assortment: Whether it was shoes which it initially sold or later on apparels which it started selling later, Nordstrom ensures availability of full range of sizes and a wide variety of designs for the customers to choose from. In this way, the possibility that a customer will end up buying something or the other increase manifold. This also means that a customer entering a Nordstrom store will feel assured that there would perhaps be no need to hop from one shop to the other in search of the desired product. All national level chain stores, however, also try to ensure considerable depth and breadth in product types they retail so this is not something that is unique about Nordstrom. Price: While some retailers opt for the discount route to attract customers, others try to project their exclusivity by maintaining high prices. Nordstrom instead fixes its prices in such a manner that convinces each customer that the product they buy is worth its price. This generates a sense of reliability and honesty that goes a long way to enhance its reputation. The company clears its unsold stocks at discounted prices through a separate chain known as Nordstrom Rack Clearance Stores and also has one final clearance store called Last Chance.

US government for the rich or for the poor Essay

US government for the rich or for the poor - Essay Example The expository by Valdas Anelauskas regarding the state of social affairs in the United States free market economy reveals several facts that profoundly try to establish that the US government is serving the interest of the rich while working against the poor.Central to X's arguments is the idea that US formulated tax laws are providing corporations opportunities to make enormous profits all the while pushing employees further into the quagmire of poverty and hopelessness.US economic policy is akin to providing business entities with benefits that are collectively called corporate welfare which I have learned upon further reading. This welfare consists of government programs that extend unique advantages or benefits to specific industries or companies. Corporate welfare includes direct grants to businesses, indirect commercial support to businesses and subsidized loans and insurance. These programs provide useful services to private industry such as research, insurance, statistics, l oans, and marketing support. In addition to spending programs, corporate welfare also includes barriers to trade that protect U.S. industries from foreign competition. The logic behind giving corporations such benefits is the hope that they will remain competitive in the local and global marketplace thereby ensuring the labor force with employment with the possibility of providing more because of the availability of more capital. Anelauskas provides many statistics on US tax disparities between the rich and the poor but the more telling one is corporate benefits amounting to $165 billion as opposed to the $50 billion given for social welfare (p. 283). Anelauskas reveals that the perceived benefits of the corporate welfare to the labor force did not materialize. It turns out that while corporations have slashed their taxes thru the different provisions of the law, they are actually using the money saved and even the subsidies received to enrich their top-ranking officials particularly the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The result is that CEOs are earning huge amounts of money that are hundreds and even thousands of times larger than what the average employee would earn. Instead of ensuring employment security and providing more employment opportunities, US corporations are actually conducting mass lay-offs on a grand scale and their CEOs even get paid with huge amounts of money for conducting such operations. Instead of the benefits of improved employment, US workers now face the possibility of employment termination more than ever, the decreasing availability of health and retirement benefits and lower compensation. Making matters worse is that while corporations are paying less and earning more, individuals are paying more to account for t he void left by the corporate tax cuts but are earning less. What is more undesirable is that individual taxpayer's money goes to corporate bank accounts. Aneulaskas argues that it is thru the actions of the US government that made this state of affairs possible. The US government even acts as a passive observer to the mass lay-offs and the scam of huge pay-offs that make the rich richer and the poor poorer. Is Aneulaskas right in claiming that the US government are actually serving the interests of the rich It is important to remember that the main basis why the US government formulated these give-aways to corporations is to help them stay financially viable in a rapidly globalizing marketplace. The US government would not want these corporations to go bankrupt or relocate their production and manufacturing facilities in countries with cheap labor and have their own labor force having little employment opportunities. Can we say therefore that the US government is not actually helping the rich but are actually more concerned with those of the average and meagre incomes I would have believed that such is the case if it were not for the obliviousness of the US govern

HRM of Apple Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

HRM of Apple Company - Assignment Example The organization chosen for this coursework assignment is Apple Company. This organization is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and personal computers. The most famous products of the company are Macintosh computers, iPods, iPad, iPhones, etc.It was established in Cupertino, California on April 1, in the year 1976 and incorporated on January 3rd in the year 1977. The company was called as Apple Computer, Inc. for nearly 30 years of its incorporation and later computer was removed from the company’s name for its ongoing expansion in designing and producing new products. The company by the year 2010 has nearly 284 retail stores operating in ten countries and an online store where the software and hardware products are sold. It also sells and delivers digital content through its application stores. The products are sold through worldwide retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, other third parties, and value-adde d resellers. This company ranks as the tenth largest company in the world. This organization has employed 80,000 people worldwide of which majority hail from the US. Apple Company serves its customers by offering a broader range of services and products which include mobile communication and other technological and sophisticated gadgets which attract more consumers in purchasing. Besides these services and products, the Apple Company offers its characteristic software products. Task 1 a. The differences between personnel and human resource management Personnel management deals with people employed and its management; and HRM deals with managing employee skills, acquaintance, abilities and aptitudes. Personal management views employees as a money-making or profitable man where he offers his services and gets paid in the form of wage/salary. Therefore, it views employee as equipment which can be purchased and utilized. On the other hand HRM considers employees to be not only economic but also as social and psychological. This approach regards employee as a complete man and are viewed as a reserve or source for his services rendered. Personnel management considers employees as charge centre and hence expenses of employment are maintained by the management whereas in HRM employees are treated as profit centres and hence put in capital for human resources development and future effectiveness. Personnel management uses employees for organizational benefits while HRM uses them for the multiple mutual benefits of the organization, employees and the family members. HRM is a function of strategic management and it lays much emphasis on strategic fit and integration (Armstrong, 2006, p. 19), while in personnel management, personnel functions are considered supplementary. The HRM functions in terms of its contribution to organizational purpose. Managerial functions and Operational functions together constitute to the Human Resource Management functions. Managerial functions include Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling. All these functions are important towards the contribution to organizational purpose. The operational functions include Employment, Human Resource development (HRD), Compensation and Human Relations. b. The role and responsibilities of a line manager The line manager plays an important role in the Apple Company. The responsibilities in the performance and development system are diverse and require varying skills for effective management. The line authority is direct authority exercised by a supervisor or manager over his subordinates so that his orders and instructions are carries out in a proper manner. A line manager is considered as generalist of an organization, who directs his subordinates and delegates authority and has power to vote. He makes the operating decisions and bears the final responsibility. The role manager has to motivate his employees, subordinates to work effectively and maximize the potential by identification and

Theories on Stages of Sleep

Theories on Stages of Sleep Paul Stolt Jr In our textbook it says that, â€Å"REM sleep makes up the remaining 20 per cent of your sleep time. It is pronounced â€Å"rem† and stands for rapid eye movement sleep because your eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 153). The brain waves that are present in REM sleep are beta waves, which is the same kind that are present when a person is awake. Also, during this stage, the body is alert, but the muscles are paralyzed, thus prohibiting movement during this time. The REM sleep stage is the one that the process of having dreams occurs in. According to our text, a person passes through the REM sleep stage about five or six times a night. The intervals in between these stages are approximately half an hour to an hour and a half long. Most people are in the REM sleep stage for about half an hour to forty-five minutes, before they enter the NREM, or Non REM, sleep stage. An individual’s heart rate and blood pressure a re typically higher in REM, indicating a more alert state in this stage than in the non REM stage. Creative thinking processes are more present during REM sleep, probably due to a lack of activity in the areas of the brain that are responsible for critical thinking. Students need REM sleep in order to transfer the knowledge that they have stored throughout the day in short term memory, into long term memory. This stage helps to promote the encoding process, which is responsible for the transfer. Once the information is encoded during the REM stage, it becomes easier to recall at a later time for tests and exams. There is an indication in the human body of the need for REM sleep, because if someone has not spent enough time in this stage the previous night, the body will compensate by spending more time in REM the following night. The Alpha stage occurs right before people drift off to sleep. During this stage, people start to feel tired and relaxed, often just lying in bed with their eyes closed, and random thoughts, such as activities of the previous day, or the plans that they may have the following day, present in their thoughts. According to the text book, â€Å"Alpha waves have a low amplitude and high frequency, (8 to 12 cycles per second)† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 152). After the alpha stage, Non REM Sleep, or NREM for short, occurs. This stage is where most people spend 80 per cent of their time while sleeping. This type of sleep is divided into four stages, each stage being associated with unique brain wave patterns and biological responses (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014). In the first stage of Non REM sleep, there is a transition that occurs from being wide awake and alert, to drifting off to sleep. This stage usually lasts from about one to seven minutes long. The text says that this s tage is â€Å"marked by the presence of theta waves, which are lower in amplitude and lower in frequency (4 to 7 cycles per second) than alpha waves† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 152). Next, the person passes through the second stage of sleep. In the second stage, there are rapidly occurring periods of what researchers call sleep spindles. In this stage, physiological processes such as breathing, a person’s body temperature, and their heart rate slowly decrease, and they become harder to wake up. This stage is what most researchers define as a person being asleep. Next, after about half an hour to forty five minutes of falling asleep, the individual enters stages three and four of Non REM sleep. Delta waves are present in stage three, and these are defined as â€Å"large, slow brain waves, meaning they have very high amplitude and very low frequency† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 152). As the person moves on to stage four in Non REM sleep, they experience a significant increase in the presence of Delta waves. During this stage, biological processes such as heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and the flow of blood to the brain are dramatically decreased, and the body secretes a substance called GH, or growth hormone, which is responsible for controlling the metabolic rate in the body, physical growth in the body, and the development of the human brain. After this stage, the individual passes back through the second and third stages of Non REM, and enters into the dreaming, or REM, stage of sleep. The necessity of sleep for a living organism can be explained in two logical ways. The first is that the body repairs and restores itself while it is resting. In one theory, the human brain repairs and restores itself while sleeping. It has also been proven that chemicals that are harmful to our system are flushed out during the sleeping process. Some research has also suggested that the immune system is impaired because of sleep deprivation (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2013). The second way that it can be explained is the Conservation theory. This theory suggests that the need to conserve energy at night for the human race promoted the need for sleep. In other words, since it was dark out, and there was little light to be able to see, that time was better spent resting instead of moving about. It would seem that as an individual goes throughout their lifetime, the need for sleep is greatest during the early years, and less as they get older. When an infant is born, the average time that they spend asleep is about seventeen hours a day, with half of that time spent in REM sleep. Then, when they get a little older, such as approximately around four years old, they sleep about ten hours a day, with about 25 to 30 per cent of that time spent in REM sleep. A little later, around the teenage years, the amount of sleep that is required is about 9 hours per night, with the trend being later bed times, and the teenagers waking up later during the day. A couple years later, at about nineteen to twenty years of age, the amount of sleep required by the adolescents is about seven to eight hours per night, with twenty per cent of that time spent in REM. As an adult reaches the golden years, the amount of sleep required is six and a half hours per night, with approximately twenty per cent being spent in REM sleep. The text defines the circadian rhythm as a â€Å"biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of twenty-four hours (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 150). The circadian clock is genetically set for about 24 hours 18 minutes. The clock is reset by the retinal cells, which act like sensors that let in sunlight, and send signals to the brain, resetting it by eighteen minutes each day. However, there are quite a few problems associated with the circadian clock by individuals who work midnight shifts or have to fly frequently for their job, thereby getting a condition known as jet lag. First, let’s discuss individuals that work the midnight shift. These individuals go against the natural instinct of their circadian clocks, resulting in decreased performance of their cognitive and motor skills. Also, people who change shifts a lot, such as working swing shift, cause a lot of physical stress in their bodies and psychological stress in their minds. Secondly, people with jet lag often experience problems with feeling tired all the time, difficulty in being able to concentrate on a particular task, and reduced ability in their ability to use logical thinking, reasoning, or remembering. It takes people with jet lag about a day per hour of difference between time zones to recover. However, there is hope. Charles Czeisler developed a new treatment called light therapy in 1994. This treatment uses artificial light to combat fatigue in both people who work the midnight shift, and those with jet lag. Next I would like to talk about the effects that sleep deprivation has on individuals. People with sleep deprivation run the risk of having impaired immune systems, with the potential for increased infections and diseases. They also experience increased stress levels, elevated blood pressure, and an increased build-up of plaque in the arteries, with a severe potential for heart attack or stroke. Other problems they experience include the risk of obesity and diabetes, difficulty in recognizing words, and doing ordinary math problems. They are more susceptible to increased irritability, and increased difficulty in making logical and rational decisions. Terms and Concepts Perceptual Threshold -The perceptual threshold is the smallest thing that can be perceived, or recognized, by the human senses. Sensation A sensation is a relatively meaningless piece of information, that results when the brain processes electrical signals that come from the sense organs. Stimulus A stimulus is any change of energy in the environment, such as light waves, sound waves, mechanical pressure, or chemicals. Structuralists Structuralists are psychologists who believed that we add together thousands of sensations to form a perception. Gestalt Psychologists Gestalt psychologists are psychologists that believe that our brains follow general rules that specify how individual elements are to be organized into a meaningful pattern, or perception. Depth Perception Depth Perception is the ability of the eye and brain to add a third dimension called depth to all visual perceptions, even though the images being projected might only be two dimensional in nature. Consciousness Consciousness describes different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings. Biological Clock The biological clock is an internal timing device that is genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time. Stages of Sleep Stages of sleep refer to the distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain, and accompanying physiological responses to the body that occur as someone passes through different phases of sleep. Hypnosis Hypnosis is a procedure in which a researcher, clinician, or hypnotist suggests that a person will experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Stimulants Stimulants are chemical substances such as cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, and nicotine that increase activity of the central nervous system and result in heightened alertness, arousal, euphoria, and decreased appetite. Opiates Opiates are chemical substances such as opium, morphine, and heroin that produce three predominant effects in the central nervous system: the reduction of pain, opiate euphoria, a pleasurable state between waking and sleeping; and constipation. Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are drugs that affect someone’s mind or behavior and have the ability to produce changes in perception, thought, emotion, and awareness. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning is a kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning is a kind of learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future. Cognitive Learning Cognitive Learning is a kind of learning that involves mental processes, such as attention and memory, may be learned through observation or imitation; and may not involve any external rewards or require the person to perform any observable behaviors. Generalization Generalization is the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. Discrimination Discrimination occurs when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others. Extinction Extinction is a procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, and, as a result, the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response Thorndike Thorndike was an American psychologist who lived during the 1800’s and formulated the law of effect, which stated that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future. Skinner Skinner was a psychologist who developed a theory known as the operant response during the 1930’s, which says that â€Å"An operant response is a response that can be modified by its consequences and is a meaningful unit of ongoing behavior that can be easily measured† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 214). Reinforcers Reinforcers are â€Å"consequences that occur after a desired behavior and increase the chances that the behavior will occur again† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 218). Punishment A punishment is a stimulus that â€Å"stops or decreases the occurrence of a behavior† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 219). Schedules of Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement are programs or rules that determine how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by a reinforcer (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 220). Spontaneous Recovery Spontaneous Recovery refers to either a temporary recovery in the rate of responding in operant conditioning, or the temporary occurrence of the conditioned response in the presence of the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 222). Behavior Modification â€Å"is a treatment or therapy that changes or modifies problems or undesirable behaviors by using principles of learning based on operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social cognitive learning† (Plotnik Kouyoudmjian, 2014, p. 232). References National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2013, December 5). Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep. Retrieved January 20, 2014, from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: www.ninds.nih.gov Plotnik, R., Kouyoudmjian, H. (2014). Introduction to Psychology. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth Publishing. Retrieved January 13, 2014